TWQR is a state-coordinated standard, not a network effect
FSC made TWQR mandatory for all licensed e-money institutions in 2023; FISC operates the back-end. TWQR transaction volume grew 78% YoY to 412 million in 2024. The 12 March 2026 PromptPay corridor brought TWQR onto Thailand's payment-rail interoperability map; the PayPay (Japan) corridor is live since 23 April. Acquirer-side competition remains thin because the network-effect is policy- rather than market-led.
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